I. Incamake yimikorere yibanze
Trimethylamine N-oxyde dihydrate (TMAO · 2H₂O) ni ingenzi cyane ibiryo byongera ibiryo byamafi. Byabanje kuvumburwa nkibyingenzi bikurura ibiryo byamafi. Nyamara, hamwe nubushakashatsi bwimbitse, hagaragaye ibikorwa byingenzi bya physiologique, bituma biba igikoresho cyingenzi cyo kuzamura ubuzima n’imikorere y’inyamaswa zo mu mazi.

II. Ibyingenzi Byakoreshejwe nuburyo bukoreshwa

1. Gukurura Ibiryo Bikurura
Uru ninshingano zisanzwe kandi zizwi cyane za TMAO.

• Ubukanishi: Ibicuruzwa byinshi byo mu mazi, cyane cyaneamafi yo mu nyanja,mubisanzwe birimo ibintu byinshi bya TMAO, nisoko yingenzi yuburyohe bwa "umami" bwamafi yo mu nyanja. Sisitemu yo guhumura no kuryoha yinyamaswa zo mu mazi zumva cyane TMAO, zemera ko ari "ikimenyetso cyibiribwa".
• Ingaruka:
  • Kongera ibiryo byokurya: Ongeramo TMAO kugaburira birashobora gukurura cyane ubushake bwamafi nudusimba, cyane cyane mugihe cyambere cyo kugaburira cyangwa kubinyabuzima byoroshye, bikurura vuba kugaburira.
  • Kugabanya Igihe cyo Kugaburira: Kugabanya igihe ibiryo biguma mumazi, bigabanya gutakaza ibiryo no guhumana kwamazi.
  • Gukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwo kugaburira: Iyo isoko ya proteine ​​yibihingwa (urugero, ifunguro rya soya) ikoreshwa mugusimbuza amafi, kongeramo TMAO birashobora kwishyura ibyokurya bidafite uburyohe no kunoza ibiryo.

2. Osmolyte (Igenzura rya Osmotic)
Nibikorwa byingenzi byimikorere ya TMAO kumafi yo mu nyanja n amafi ya diadromous.

• Mechanism: Amazi yo mu nyanja ni hyperosmotic ibidukikije, bigatuma amazi yo mumubiri wamafi ahora abura inyanja. Kugirango ubungabunge amazi yimbere, amafi yo mu nyanja anywa amazi yinyanja kandi akusanyiriza hamwe ion nyinshi (urugero, Na⁺, Cl⁻). TMAO ikora nk "igisubizo kibangikanye" gishobora kurwanya ingaruka zibangamira ubukana bwa ion nyinshi ku miterere ya poroteyine, zifasha guhagarika imikorere ya poroteyine yo mu nda.
• Ingaruka:
  • Kugabanya Osmoregulatory Ingufu zikoreshwa: Kuzuza hamweTMAOifasha amafi yo mu nyanja kugenzura umuvuduko wa osmotic neza, bityo ikayobora imbaraga nyinshi "gukomeza ubuzima" kugana "gukura no kubyara".
  • Kunoza kwihanganira Stress: Mugihe cyimihindagurikire yumunyu cyangwa guhangayikishwa n’ibidukikije, inyongera ya TMAO ifasha kubungabunga homeostasis y’ibinyabuzima no kuzamura imibereho.

3. Guhindura poroteyine
TMAO ifite ubushobozi budasanzwe bwo kurinda imiterere-yimiterere itatu ya poroteyine.

• Uburyo bukoreshwa: Mubihe bigoye (urugero, ubushyuhe bwinshi, umwuma, umuvuduko mwinshi), proteyine zikunda gutandukana no kudakora. TMAO irashobora gukorana mu buryo butaziguye na molekile ya poroteyine, cyane cyane ikarekurwa mu rwego rwo hejuru rwa poroteyine, bityo igahindura imiterere ya poroteyine kandi ikarinda gutandukana.
• Ingaruka:
  • Irinda Ubuzima Bwiza: Mugihe cyo gusya, imisemburo yo munda igomba gukomeza gukora. TMAO irashobora guhagarika iyi misemburo yimyunyungugu, kunoza ibiryo no kuyikoresha.
  • Yongera imbaraga zo guhangana na Stress: Mugihe cyubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyangwa ubwikorezi, mugihe inyamaswa zo mumazi zihuye nubushyuhe, TMAO ifasha kurinda umutekano wa poroteyine zitandukanye zikora (urugero, enzymes, proteyine zubaka) mumubiri, bikagabanya kwangirika kwatewe no guhangayika.

4. Itezimbere Ubuzima bwo munda na Morphologiya

• Mechanism: Ingaruka za osmoregulatory na proteyine-zihindura za TMAO hamwe zitanga microc ibidukikije bihamye byingirangingo zo munda. Irashobora guteza imbere iterambere rya villi yo munda, ikongera ubuso bwinjira.
• Ingaruka:
  • Itezimbere Intungamubiri Zintungamubiri: Imyitwarire myiza yo mu mara isobanura ubushobozi bwiza bwo kwinjiza intungamubiri, urufunguzo rwo kuzamura igipimo cyo guhindura ibiryo.
  • Yongera Imikorere Yinzitizi Yamara: Irashobora gufasha kugumana ubusugire bwimitsi yo munda, kugabanya kwibasira indwara ziterwa nuburozi.

5. Umuterankunga wa Methyl
TMAO irashobora kugira uruhare muri metabolism mumubiri, ikora nkumuterankunga wa methyl.

• Mechanism: Mugihe cya metabolism,TMAO Irashobora gutanga amatsinda ya methyl ikora, yitabira ibintu bitandukanye byingenzi bya biohimiki, nka synthesis ya fosifolipide, creine, na neurotransmitters.
• Ingaruka: Itera imbere, cyane cyane mugihe cyikura ryihuse aho usanga amatsinda ya methyl yiyongera; Inyongera ya TMAO irashobora gufasha kuzuza iki cyifuzo.

III. Intego zo Gusaba no Gutekereza

• Intego zibanze zo gusaba:
  • Amafi yo mu nyanja: Nka turbot, grouper, croaker nini yumuhondo, bass yinyanja, nibindi basabwa kuri TMAO nibyingenzi cyane kuko imikorere ya osmoregulatory ni ngombwa.
  • Ifi ya Diadromous: Nka salmonide (salmon), nayo irabisaba mugihe cyo guhinga inyanja.
  • Crustaceans: Nka prawns / shrimp na crabs. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana kandi ko TMAO ifite ingaruka nziza zikurura kandi ziteza imbere iterambere.
  • Amafi meza: Nubwo amafi yo mumazi meza adahuza TMAO ubwayo, sisitemu yamavuta irashobora kuyimenya, bigatuma ikora neza ikurura ibiryo. Nyamara, imikorere ya osmoregulatory ntabwo ikora mumazi meza.
• Imikoreshereze n'ibitekerezo:
  • Igipimo: Urwego rusanzwe rwiyongera mubiryo ni 0.1% kugeza 0.3% (ni ukuvuga kg 1-3 kuri toni y'ibiryo). Igipimo cyihariye kigomba kugenwa hashingiwe ku bigeragezo urebye amoko y’imico, icyiciro cyo gukura, uburyo bwo kugaburira ibiryo, hamwe n’ibidukikije by’amazi.
  • Isano na Choline na Betaine: Choline na betaine nibibanziriza TMAO kandi birashobora guhinduka muri TMAO mumubiri. Ariko, ntibashobora gusimbuza byimazeyo TMAO kubera ubushobozi buke bwo guhindura hamwe nibikorwa byihariye bya TMAO bikurura kandi bikomeza poroteyine. Mu myitozo, bakunze gukoreshwa hamwe.
  • Ibibazo birenze urugero: Kwiyongera gukabije (hejuru cyane ya dosiye isabwa) birashobora gutera imyanda kandi birashobora kugira ingaruka mbi kumoko amwe, ariko kuri ubu bifatwa nkumutekano kurwego rusanzwe rwiyongera.

IV. Incamake
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO · 2H₂O) ni inyongeramusaruro ikora neza, inyongeramusaruro myinshi mu bworozi bw'amafi ihuza imirimo yo gukurura ibiryo, kugenzura umuvuduko wa osmotic, guhagarika poroteyine, no kuzamura ubuzima bw'amara.

Gushyira mu bikorwa ntabwo byongera mu buryo butaziguye umuvuduko wo gufata ibiryo n’umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bw’inyamaswa zo mu mazi, ariko kandi byongera mu buryo butaziguye gukoresha neza ibiryo n’ubuzima bw’ibinyabuzima mu kugabanya ingufu zikoreshwa mu mubiri no gushimangira kurwanya imihangayiko. Ubwanyuma, itanga inkunga ikomeye ya tekiniki yo kongera umusaruro, gukora neza, niterambere rirambye ryubworozi bwamafi. Mu biryo bigezweho byo mu mazi, cyane cyane ibiryo by'amafi yo mu nyanja yo mu rwego rwo hejuru, byahindutse ikintu cy'ingenzi.