I. Incamake y'Imikorere y'Ishingiro
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO·2H₂O) ni inyongeramusaruro y'ingenzi cyane mu bworozi bw'amafi. Byabanje kuvumburwa nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi gikurura amafi mu ifu y'amafi. Ariko, hamwe n'ubushakashatsi bwimbitse, imikorere y'ingenzi y'umubiri yagaragaye, bituma iba igikoresho cy'ingenzi mu kunoza ubuzima n'imikurire y'inyamaswa zo mu mazi.

II. Ikoreshwa ry'ingenzi n'uburyo bwo gukora

1. Ingufu zikurura abantu ku mafunguro
Uru ni rwo ruhare ruzwi cyane kandi ruzwi cyane rwa TMAO.

• Uburyo: Ibikomoka ku mazi byinshi, cyane cyaneamafi yo mu mazi,Mu bisanzwe birimo TMAO nyinshi, ikaba ari isoko y'ingenzi y'uburyohe bw'amafi yo mu mazi yitwa "umami". Uburyo bwo guhumurira n'uburyohe bw'inyamaswa zo mu mazi bukunze kwitwara neza kuri TMAO, bukayifata nk' "ikimenyetso cy'ibiribwa".
• Ingaruka:
  • Kongera Ifunguro: Kongera TMAO mu ifunguro bishobora gutera inyota ikabije y'amafi n'isambaza, cyane cyane mu gihe cyo kugaburira mbere cyangwa ku bwoko bw'inyamaswa zitoranyije, bigatuma zihita zijya kugaburira.
  • Kugabanya igihe cyo kugaburira: Bigabanya igihe ibiryo biguma mu mazi, bigabanya igihombo cy'ibiryo n'umwanda w'amazi.
  • Uburyo bwo gukoresha mu bindi biryo: Iyo ibikomoka kuri poroteyine z'ibimera (urugero, ifu ya soya) bikoreshejwe mu gusimbura ifu y'amafi, kongeramo TMAO bishobora gukosora uburyohe buke no kunoza uburyohe bw'ibiryo.

2. Osmolyte (Igenzura ry'Umuvuduko wa Osmotike)
Iyi ni imikorere y'ingenzi ya TMAO ku mafi yo mu mazi n'amafi ya diadromous.

• Uburyo: Amazi yo mu nyanja ni ahantu hafite umwuka mwinshi, bigatuma amazi mu mubiri w'ifi ahora ajugunywa mu nyanja. Kugira ngo amazi yo mu mazi akomeze kuba meza, amafi yo mu mazi anywa amazi yo mu nyanja kandi akarundanya ibyinshi bya iyoni zidakora (urugero, Na⁺, Cl⁻). TMAO ikora nk' "umusemburo uhuza" ushobora kurwanya ingaruka mbi z'ibyinshi bya iyoni ku miterere ya poroteyine, bigafasha mu gutuza imikorere ya poroteyine mu turemangingo.
• Ingaruka:
  • Kugabanya Ikoreshwa ry'Ingufu za Osmoregulatory: KongerahoTMAObifasha amafi yo mu mazi kugenga umuvuduko wa osmotic neza, bityo bigatuma ingufu nyinshi ziva mu "gukomeza ubuzima" zigana "ku mikurire no kororoka".
  • Kurushaho kwihanganira stress: Mu gihe hari ihindagurika ry’umunyu cyangwa stress ku bidukikije, TMAO inyunganiramirire ifasha mu kubungabunga ibidukikije no kunoza ingano y’ubuzima.

3. Iterambere rya poroteyine
TMAO ifite ubushobozi budasanzwe bwo kurinda imiterere ya poroteyine mu buryo butatu.

• Uburyo: Mu bihe by'imihangayiko (urugero: ubushyuhe bwinshi, amazi make, umuvuduko mwinshi), poroteyine zishobora kwangirika no kudakora. TMAO ishobora gukorana mu buryo butaziguye na molekile za poroteyine, ikavanwa mu gice cy'amazi ya poroteyine, bityo igatuma imiterere ya poroteyine ihinduka kandi ikarinda kwangirika.
• Ingaruka:
  • Irinda ubuzima bw'amara: Mu gihe cyo gusya, imisemburo yo mu mara igomba gukomeza gukora. TMAO ishobora gutuma izi misemburo zo mu gifu zituza, ikarushaho kunoza igogorwa ry'ibiryo no gukoreshwa neza.
  • Yongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya stress: Mu bihe by'ubushyuhe bwinshi cyangwa mu gutwara abantu, iyo inyamaswa zo mu mazi zihura n'ubushyuhe bwinshi, TMAO ifasha mu kurinda poroteyine zitandukanye zikora neza (urugero: enzymes, poroteyine z'imiterere) mu mubiri, ikagabanya kwangirika guterwa n'stress.

4. Itera imbere ubuzima bw'amara n'imiterere yawo

• Uburyo: Ingaruka za TMAO zo gutuma uturemangingo dukomeza gukora neza no gutuma poroteyine zikomeza gukora neza zitanga ibidukikije bihamye ku tunyangingo tw’amara. Bishobora gutuma habaho gutera imbere kwa villi mu mara, bikongera ubuso bushobora kwinjiza.
• Ingaruka:
  • Itera imbere mu kwinjiza intungamubiri: Imiterere myiza y'amara bivuze ubushobozi bwiza bwo kwinjiza intungamubiri, ari nabyo by'ingenzi mu kunoza igipimo cyo guhindura ibiryo.
  • Yongera imikorere y'uruti rw'amara: Bishobora gufasha mu kubungabunga ubusugire bw'amara, bikagabanya ukwinjira kw'udukoko n'uburozi.

5. Umutanga Methyl
TMAO ishobora kugira uruhare mu mikorere y'umubiri, igakora nk'umutanga wa methyl.

• Uburyo: Mu gihe cyo gukora imisemburo,TMAO ishobora gutanga amatsinda ya methyl akora, ikagira uruhare mu bikorwa bitandukanye by'ingenzi bya biochemical, nko gukora phospholipide, creatine, na neurotransmitters.
• Ingaruka: Itera imbere mu mikurire, cyane cyane mu gihe cy'ikura ryihuse aho ibyifuzo by'amatsinda ya methyl byiyongera; inyunganizi ya TMAO ishobora gufasha guhaza iki cyifuzo.

III. Intego n'ibyo tugomba kwitaho mu gushyira mu bikorwa

• Intego z'ibanze zo gushyira mu bikorwa:
  • Amafi yo mu mazi: Nka turbot, grouper, large yellow croaker, sea bass, nibindi. Icyo zikenera kuri TMAO ni ingenzi cyane kuko imikorere yayo yo gukora osmoregulation ari ingenzi cyane.
  • Amafi ya Diadromous: Nk'amafi ya salmonide (salmoni), nayo akenera iyo fi mu gihe cy'ubworozi bwo mu mazi.
  • Inyama zo mu bwoko bwa crustacean: Nk'isambaza/isambaza n'inka. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana kandi ko TMAO ifite ingaruka nziza zo gukurura no guteza imbere iterambere ry'ibimera.
  • Amafi yo mu mazi meza: Nubwo amafi yo mu mazi meza adakora TMAO ubwayo, uburyo bwayo bwo guhumeka buracyashobora kuyimenya, bigatuma ikora neza nk'ikintu gikurura amafunguro. Ariko, imikorere ya osmoregulatory ntikora mu mazi meza.
• Igipimo n'Ibintu byo Kwitondera:
  • Igipimo: Igipimo gisanzwe cyo kongeramo ibiryo ubusanzwe ni 0.1% kugeza 0.3% (ni ukuvuga 1-3 kg kuri toni y'ibiryo). Igipimo cyihariye kigomba kugenwa hashingiwe ku igeragezwa rireba ubwoko bw'ibiryo byahinzwe, icyiciro cyo gukura, uburyo ibiryo byakozwemo, n'imiterere y'ibidukikije byo mu mazi.
  • Isano na Choline na Betaine: Choline na betaine ni ibibanziriza TMAO kandi bishobora guhinduka TMAO mu mubiri. Ariko, ntibishobora gusimbura TMAO burundu bitewe n'ubushobozi buke bwo guhindura ibintu hamwe n'imikorere yihariye ya TMAO yo gukurura no gutuma poroteyine zihoraho. Mu by'ukuri, akenshi bikoreshwa mu buryo bw'ubufatanye.
  • Ibibazo byo kongeramo ibinini: Kongeramo ibinini byinshi (birenze kure urugero rwagenwe) bishobora gutuma habaho gutakaza ikiguzi no kugira ingaruka mbi ku bwoko bumwe na bumwe bw’ibimera, ariko ubu bifatwa nk’aho ari byiza ku rwego rusanzwe rwo kongeramo ibinini.

IV. Incamake
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO·2H₂O) ni inyongeramusaruro y’ibiryo ikora neza cyane kandi ifite imikorere myinshi mu bworozi bw’amafi, ikaba ihuza imikorere yo gukurura ibiryo, kugenzura umuvuduko wa osmotic, gutuma poroteyine ikomeza gutera imbere, no kunoza ubuzima bw’amara.

Ikoreshwa ryayo ntiryongera gusa umuvuduko w’ibiryo by’inyamaswa zo mu mazi n’umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bw’amatungo yo mu mazi, ahubwo inanongera uburyo bwo gukoresha ibiryo neza n’ubuzima bw’ibinyabuzima binyuze mu kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ingufu zikoreshwa mu mubiri no gukomeza kurwanya imihangayiko. Amaherezo, itanga inkunga ikomeye mu bya tekiniki mu kongera umusaruro, imikorere myiza, no guteza imbere ubworozi bw’amafi. Mu biryo byo mu mazi bigezweho, cyane cyane ibiryo byo mu mazi byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, byabaye ingenzi cyane.