Betaine igira ingaruka nziza ku mara y'ingurube zo mu nda, ariko ikunze kwibagirana iyo hatekerejwe ku nyongeramusaruro zishobora gutera imbere mu mara cyangwa kugabanya ibibazo bijyana no gucibwamo. Kongeramo betaine nk'intungamubiri ingirakamaro mu kugaburira amatungo bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo butandukanye.
Ubwa mbere, betaine ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutanga itsinda rya methyl, cyane cyane mu mwijima w’inyamaswa. Bitewe no kohereza amatsinda ya methyl adahindagurika, ikorwa ry’ibintu bitandukanye nka methionine, carnitine na creatine rirarushaho kwiyongera. Bityo, betaine igira ingaruka ku mikorere ya poroteyine, lipide n’ingufu z’inyamaswa, bityo igahindura imiterere y’intumbi mu buryo bwiza.
Icya kabiri, betaine ishobora kongerwa mu biryo nk'ikintu kirinda ibinyabuzima kwinjira mu mubiri. Betaine ikora nk'ikintu kirinda ibinyabuzima, igafasha uturemangingo twose mu mubiri kugumana uburimbane bw'amazi n'imikorere y'uturemangingo, cyane cyane mu bihe by'imihangayiko. Urugero ruzwi cyane ni ingaruka nziza za betaine ku nyamaswa zifite ubushyuhe bwinshi.
Ingaruka zitandukanye ku mikorere y’amatungo zavuzweho ingaruka zo kongeramo betaine mu buryo bwa anhydrous cyangwa hydrochloride. Iyi nkuru izibanda ku buryo bwinshi bwo gukoresha betaine nk'inyongera mu biryo kugira ngo ikomeze ubuzima bwiza bw'amara mu ngurube zokejwe.
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwa betaine bwagaragaje ingaruka za betaine ku buryo intungamubiri zigogorwa muri ileum no mu mara y’ingurube. Isuzuma ryakomeje ry’uko fibre igogorwa yiyongera muri ileum (fibre isanzwe cyangwa fibre isabune idafite aside na aside) ryerekana ko betaine itera bagiteri guhisha mu mara mato kuko enterocytes zidakora enzymes zigabanya fibre. Ibice by’ibimera bifite fibre birimo intungamubiri zishobora kurekurwa iyo fibre za mikorobe ziboze. Bityo, hagaragaye kandi iterambere mu buryo ibintu byumye n’ivu ritoroshye. Ku rwego rw’igifu cyose, abana b’ingurube bahawe indyo ya 800 mg betaine / kg bagaragaje ko poroteyine isanzwe (+6.4%) n’ibintu byumye (+4.2%) byarushijeho kwiyongera. Byongeye kandi, ubundi bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko uburyo bugaragara bwo gugogora poroteyine isanzwe (+3.7%) n’ibikomoka kuri ether (+6.7%) byarushijeho kwiyongera hamwe n’inyongera ya betaine kuri 1250 mg / kg.
Impamvu imwe ishoboka ituma intungamubiri ziyongera ni ingaruka za betaine ku ikorwa rya enzymes. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa mu mubiri ku ngaruka zo kongera betaine mu ngurube zorojwe bwasuzumye imikorere ya enzymes zo mu igogora (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin na chymotrypsin) mu igogora (Ishusho ya 1). Imikorere ya enzymes zose yariyongereye, usibye maltase, kandi ingaruka za betaine zagaragaye cyane ku gipimo cya 2500 mg betaine / kg ku igogora kuruta ku gipimo cya 1250 mg / kg ku igogora. Imikorere yongerewe ishobora guterwa no kwiyongera kwa enzymes, ariko ishobora no guterwa no kwiyongera kwa catalytic ya enzymes. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mubiri bwagaragaje ko ibikorwa bya trypsin na amylase bikumirwa no gukora umuvuduko mwinshi wa osmotic binyuze mu kongeramo NaCl. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, kongeramo betaine ku bipimo bitandukanye byasubije ingaruka zo gukumira NaCl no kunoza imikorere ya enzymes. Ariko, igihe nta sodium chloride yongewemo mu gikoresho cy’ubufasha, betaine inclusion complex ntacyo yagize ku mikorere ya enzymes ku gipimo gito, ahubwo yagaragaje ingaruka zo gukumira ku gipimo kiri hejuru cyane.
Kuzamuka k'umusaruro no guhindura ibiryo byagaragaye mu ngurube zigaburirwa betaine, ndetse no kunoza igogora. Kongera betaine mu mirire y'ingurube bigabanya kandi ingufu zisabwa n'inyamaswa. Igitekerezo cy'iyi ngaruka cyagaragaye ni uko iyo betaine ihari kugira ngo igumane umuvuduko wa osmotic mu ngirabuzima fatizo, gukenera ipompo za ion (uburyo busaba ingufu) biragabanuka. Bityo, mu bihe aho ingufu zitangwa nke, ingaruka zo kongera betaine zitezweho kuba nyinshi binyuze mu kongera umuvuduko aho gukomeza gukoresha ingufu.
Uturemangingo tw’imbere mu mara tugomba guhangana n’imiterere y’uturemangingo tw’imbere mu mara ihinduka cyane bitewe n’ibiri mu rumu rw’amara mu gihe cyo gusya intungamubiri. Muri icyo gihe, utwo turemangingo tw’imbere mu mara ni ingenzi mu kugenzura ihererekanya ry’amazi n’intungamubiri zitandukanye hagati y’urumu rw’amara n’amaraso. Kugira ngo turinde uturemangingo ibi bibazo bikomeye, betaine ni ikintu cy’ingenzi mu buryo bw’ibinyabuzima. Iyo urebye ubwinshi bwa betaine mu turemangingo dutandukanye, ubona ko uturemangingo tw’amara dufite urugero rwo hejuru rwa betaine. Byongeye kandi, byagaragaye ko uru rugero rushobora guterwa n’ubwinshi bwa betaine mu mirire. Uturemangingo dufite ubushobozi bwo kwiyongera neza kandi tukagira umutekano mwiza. Muri make, abashakashatsi basanze ko kongera urugero rwa betaine mu turemangingo tw’ingurube byongera uburebure bwa duodenal villi n’ubujyakuzimu bwa ileal crypts, kandi villi irushaho kuba imwe.
Mu bundi bushakashatsi, kwiyongera k'uburebure bwa villous budafite ingaruka ku burebure bwa crypt byagaragaye muri duodenum, jejunum, na ileum. Ingaruka zo kurinda za betaine ku miterere y'amara zishobora kuba ingenzi cyane mu ndwara zihariye (osmotic), nk'uko byagaragaye ku nkoko z'inkoko zirwaye coccidia.
Uruzitiro rw'amara rugizwe ahanini n'uturemangingo tw'inyuma tw'amaraso dufatanye binyuze muri poroteyine zikomeye. Ubusugire bw'uru ruzitiro ni ingenzi kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu byangiza n'udukoko twangiza bishobora gutera ububyimbirwe. Mu ngurube, ingaruka mbi ku ruzitiro rw'amara zifatwa nk'iziterwa no kwanduzwa n'ibiryo bya mycotoxins cyangwa imwe mu ngaruka mbi zo guhangayika mu bushyuhe.
Kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka ku ngaruka z'uruvange rw'uturemangingo, imirongo y'uturemangingo ikunze kugeragezwa muri vitro hapimwa uburyo bwo guhangana n'amashanyarazi ya transepithelial (TEER). Iterambere rya TEER ryagaragaye mu bushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe muri vitro bitewe no gukoresha betaine. TEER igabanuka iyo uturemangingo twahuye n'ubushyuhe bwinshi (42°C) (Ishusho ya 2). Kongeramo betaine mu buryo bwo gukura bw'utu turemangingo twashyushye byagabanyije igabanuka rya TEER, bigaragaza ko ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwarushijeho kwiyongera. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe muri vivo ku turemangingo tw'ingurube bwagaragaje ko poroteyine zikomeye (occludin, claudin1 na zonula occlusions-1) zigaragara cyane mu ngingo za jejunal z'amatungo yakira betaine ku gipimo cya 1250 mg / kg ugereranije n'itsinda ryagenzuwe. Byongeye kandi, imikorere ya diamine oxidase, ikimenyetso cy'ibyangiritse mu mara, yagabanutse cyane mu maraso y'izi ngurube, bigaragaza ko uruvange rukomeye rw'amara. Ubwo betaine yongerwaga mu mirire y'ingurube zirangije, kwiyongera k'imbaraga zo gukurura amara kwapimwe mu gihe cyo kubaga.
Vuba aha, ubushakashatsi butandukanye bwagaragaje ko betaine ifitanye isano n’uburyo bwo kurwanya antioxidant, kandi bwagaragaje ko hari igabanuka ry’udukoko twitwa “free radicals”, igabanuka ry’urugero rwa malondialdehyde (MDA), ndetse n’ubwiyongere bw’imikorere ya glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa ku bana b’ingurube bwagaragaje ko imikorere ya GSH-Px muri jejunum yiyongereye, mu gihe betaine yo mu mirire ntacyo yagize kuri MDA.
Betaine ntikora nk'umusemburo w'ubudahangarwa mu nyamaswa gusa, ahubwo bagiteri zitandukanye zishobora kwegeranya betaine binyuze mu gukora de novo cyangwa gutwara ziva mu bidukikije. Hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko betaine ishobora kugira ingaruka nziza ku bimera bya bagiteri byo mu nzira y'igifu cy'ingurube z'abana bato. Umubare wose wa bagiteri zo mu bwoko bwa ileal wiyongereye, cyane cyane bifidobacteria na lactobacilli. Byongeye kandi, umubare muto wa Enterobacteriaceae wagaragaye mu mwanda.
Ingaruka ya nyuma yagaragaye ya betaine ku buzima bw'amara mu ngurube zonsa ni ukugabanuka k'ubwiyongere bw'impiswi. Iyi ngaruka ishobora guterwa n'ingano: kongeramo betaine ku gipimo cya 2500 mg/kg byagize akamaro kanini mu kugabanya ikwirakwira ry'impiswi kurusha betaine ku gipimo cya 1250 mg/kg. Ariko, imikorere y'ingurube zonsa yari imwe muri izo nyongera zombi. Abandi bashakashatsi bagaragaje ko igipimo cyo hasi cy'impiswi n'uburwayi mu ngurube zonsa iyo zongerewemo 800 mg/kg ya betaine.
Igishimishije ni uko betaine hydrochloride ishobora kugira ingaruka zo kongera aside nk'isoko ya betaine. Mu buvuzi, inyongeramusaruro za betaine hydrochloride zikunze gukoreshwa hamwe na pepsin mu gufasha abantu bafite ibibazo byo mu gifu no mu igogora. Muri iki gihe, betaine hydrochloride ni isoko yizewe ya aside hydrochloric. Nubwo nta makuru ahari yerekeye ubu buhanga iyo betaine hydrochloride ishyizwe mu biryo by'ingurube, ishobora kuba ingenzi. Birazwi ko mu bana b'ingurube bakuweho pH yo mu gifu ishobora kuba iri hejuru (pH > 4), bityo ikabangamira ikora rya enzyme ya pepsin igabanya poroteyine muri pepsinogen yayo. Igogora rya poroteyine ryiza ni ingenzi atari ukugira ngo inyamaswa zibone inyungu zihagije kuri iyi ntungamubiri. Byongeye kandi, poroteyine idatunganyijwe neza ishobora gutuma indwara ziterwa n'amara ziyongera bitari ngombwa kandi ikongera ikibazo cyo gucibwamo nyuma yo gucibwa. Betaine ifite agaciro ka pKa gake kagera kuri 1.8, bigatuma betaine hydrochloride itandukana iyo bayiriye, bigatuma aside yo mu gifu ihinduka. Uku kongera aside by'agateganyo byagaragaye mu bushakashatsi bw'ibanze ku bantu no mu bushakashatsi bw'imbwa. Imbwa zavuwe mbere hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya aside zagize igabanuka rikomeye rya pH yo mu gifu kuva kuri pH 7 kugera kuri pH 2 nyuma yo guhabwa dose imwe ya 750 mg cyangwa 1500 mg ya betaine hydrochloride. Ariko, mu mbwa zagenzuwe zitahawe umuti, pH yo mu gifu yagabanutse cyane. Hafi 2, hatitawe ku ifatwa rya betaine HCl.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com