Incamake

Iterambere rikomeye ry’ubushakashatsi ku mirire n’ubuzima bw’ingurube ni ugushyira mu byiciro bisobanutse neza karubohidrati, bidashingiye gusa ku miterere yayo ya shimi, ahubwo binashingiye ku miterere yayo ya fiziki. Uretse kuba isoko y’ingufu, ubwoko butandukanye n’imiterere ya karubohidrati ni ingirakamaro ku mirire n’imikorere y’ubuzima bw’ingurube. Bigira uruhare mu guteza imbere imikorere y’imikurire n’imikorere y’amara y’ingurube, kugenzura umuryango w’udukoko two mu mara, no kugenzura imikorere y’ibinure na glucose. Uburyo bw’ibanze bwa karubohidrati ni binyuze muri metabolites zayo (aside fatty acids y’uruhererekane rugufi [SCFAs]) kandi ahanini binyuze muri scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk na scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK kugira ngo bigenzure imikorere y’ibinure na glucose. Ubushakashatsi bushya bwasuzumye uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza ubwoko butandukanye n’imiterere ya karubohidrati, bishobora kunoza imikorere y’imikurire no kugogora intungamubiri, guteza imbere imikorere y’amara, no kongera ubwinshi bwa bagiteri zikora butyrate mu ngurube. Muri rusange, ibimenyetso bifatika bishyigikira igitekerezo cy’uko karubohidrati igira uruhare runini mu mikurire n’imikorere y’ubuzima bw’ingurube. Byongeye kandi, kumenya imiterere ya karubohidrati bizagira akamaro mu buryo bw'imitekerereze n'imikorere mu iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo kuringaniza karubohidrati mu ngurube.

1. Intangiriro

Karubohidrati za polymeri, ibinyampeke na polysaccharide zitari ibinyampeke (NSP) ni byo bintu by'ingenzi bigize indyo kandi ni isoko y'ingufu z'ingurube, zigize 60% - 70% by'ingufu zose zikoreshwa (Bach Knudsen). Ni ngombwa kumenya ko ubwoko n'imiterere ya karubohidrati bigoye cyane, bigira ingaruka zitandukanye ku ngurube. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwagaragaje ko kugaburira ibinyampeke bifite igipimo gitandukanye cya amylose na amylose (AM / AP) bifite igisubizo kigaragara ku mikurire y'ingurube (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Fibre igizwe ahanini na NSP, bikekwa ko igabanya ikoreshwa ry'intungamubiri n'agaciro k'ingufu ku nyamaswa imwe mu nda (NOBLET na le, 2001). Ariko, fibre ikoreshwa mu mikurire y'ingurube ntigira ingaruka ku mikurire y'ingurube (Han & Lee, 2005). Ibimenyetso byinshi bigaragaza ko fibre itunganya imiterere y’amara n’imikorere y’inguge z’abana b’ingurube, kandi ikagabanya indwara yo gucibwamo (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg, 2014; Wu et al., 2018). Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa kwiga uburyo bwo gukoresha neza karubohidrati zikomeye mu ndyo, cyane cyane ibiryo bikungahaye kuri fibre. Imiterere n’imiterere ya karubohidrati n’imikorere yazo mu mirire n’ubuzima bw’ingurube bigomba gusobanurwa no gusuzumwa mu buryo bw’ibiryo. NSP na sitashi irwanya (RS) ni byo karubohidrati nyamukuru idasya (wey et al., 2011), mu gihe mikorobe zo mu mara zitera karubohidrati zidasya (SCFAs) mu muyoboro mugufi (Turnbaugh et al., 2006). Byongeye kandi, oligosaccharide zimwe na zimwe na polysaccharide zifatwa nk'ibinyabutabire by'inyamaswa, bishobora gukoreshwa mu gukurura Lactobacillus na Bifidobacterium mu mara (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; M ø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al., 2008). Havuzwe ko inyongera ya oligosaccharide yongera imiterere ya mikorobe zo mu mara (de Lange et al., 2010). Kugira ngo tugabanye ikoreshwa ry'imiti itera imikurire ya mikorobe mu musaruro w'ingurube, ni ngombwa gushaka ubundi buryo bwo kugera ku buzima bwiza bw'amatungo. Hari amahirwe yo kongera ubwoko bwinshi bwa karubohidrati mu biryo by'ingurube. Ibimenyetso byinshi bigaragaza ko guhuza neza ibinyabutabire, NSP na MOS bishobora guteza imbere imikorere y'imikurire no gusya intungamubiri, kongera umubare wa bagiteri zikora butyrate, no kunoza imikorere y'ibinure mu ngurube zokejwe ku rugero runaka (Zhou, Chen, et al., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020). Kubwibyo, intego y'iyi nyandiko ni ukureba ubushakashatsi buriho ku ruhare rw'ingenzi rwa karubohidrati mu guteza imbere imikorere y'imikurire n'imikorere y'amara, kugenzura ihuriro ry'udukoko two mu mara n'ubuzima bw'imikorere y'umubiri, no gusuzuma uruvange rw'ikarubohidrati mu ngurube.

2. Gushyira mu byiciro ibinyasukari

Karubohidrati mu mirire zishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe ingano ya molekile zazo, urugero rwa polymerization (DP), ubwoko bw'isano (a cyangwa b) n'imiterere ya monomeri imwe imwe (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Ni ngombwa kumenya ko ishyirwa mu byiciro ry'ingenzi rya karubohidrati rishingiye kuri DP yazo, nka monosaccharides cyangwa disaccharides (DP, 1-2), oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) na polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), zigizwe na sitashi, NSP na glycosidic bonds (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et aL., 2007; Imbonerahamwe ya 1). Isesengura rya shimi ni ngombwa kugira ngo dusobanukirwe ingaruka za karubohidrati ku buzima n'umubiri. Hamwe no kumenya neza shimi ya karubohidrati, birashoboka kuzishyira mu byiciro hakurikijwe ingaruka zabyo ku buzima n'umubiri no kuzishyira muri gahunda rusange yo kuzishyira mu byiciro (englyst et al., 2007). Karubohidrati (monosaccharides, disaccharides, na sitashi nyinshi) zishobora gusya na enzymes zigashira mu mara mato zisobanurwa nk'ibinyasukari bishobora gusya cyangwa biboneka (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Karubohidrati zidashaje kugogora amara, cyangwa zidashaje neza kandi zigahinduka, ariko zishobora kwangirika kubera gushyushya kwa mikorobe zifatwa nk'ibinyasukari bidashaje, nka NSP nyinshi, oligosaccharides zidashaje na RS. Mu by'ukuri, ibinyasukari bidashaje bisobanurwa nk'ibidashaje cyangwa bidashaje gukoreshwa, ariko bitanga ibisobanuro nyabyo ku ishyirwa ry'ibinyasukari (englyst et al., 2007).

3.1 Imiterere y'iterambere

Ifu igizwe n'ubwoko bubiri bwa polysaccharides. Amylose (AM) ni ubwoko bwa dextran ifatanijwe na sitashi α (1-4), amylopectin (AP) ni dextran ifatanijwe na α (1-4), irimo hafi 5% dextran α (1-6) kugira ngo ikore molecule ifite amashami (tester et al., 2004). Bitewe n'imiterere n'imiterere itandukanye ya molekile, ifu ikunzwe na AP biroroshye kuyisya, mu gihe ifu ikunzwe na am ntabwo byoroshye kuyisya (Singh et al., 2010). Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwagaragaje ko kugaburira ifu hamwe n'ibipimo bitandukanye bya AM / AP bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikurire y'ingurube (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Gufata ibiryo by'ingurube zo mu rugo n'ubushobozi bwo kugaburira byagabanutse uko AM yiyongeraga (regmi et al., 2011). Ariko, ibimenyetso bishya bivuga ko indyo ifite am nyinshi yongera ubwiyongere bwa buri munsi n'ubushobozi bw'ibiryo by'ingurube zikura (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019). Byongeye kandi, bamwe mu bahanga mu bya siyansi bavuze ko kugaburira ibipimo bitandukanye bya AM / AP bya sitashi bitagize ingaruka ku mikurire y'ingurube zakuweho (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), mu gihe indyo ifite AP nyinshi yongereye uburyo ingurube zakuweho zigogora (Gao et al., 2020A). Fibre ni igice gito cy'ibiryo bikomoka ku bimera. Ikibazo gikomeye ni uko fibre nyinshi zikomoka ku bimera zifitanye isano no gukoresha intungamubiri nkeya no kugabanya ingufu (noble & Le, 2001). Ibinyuranye n'ibyo, kurya fibre ku rugero ntibyigeze bigira ingaruka ku mikurire y'ingurube zakuweho (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013). Ingaruka za fibre ku mikurire ku mikoreshereze y'intungamubiri n'agaciro k'ingufu zigira ingaruka ku miterere ya fibre, kandi amasoko atandukanye ya fibre ashobora kuba atandukanye cyane (lndber, 2014). Mu ngurube zometse, kongeramo fibre y'amashaza byari bifite igipimo cyo guhindura ibiryo kurusha ibyo kurya bya fibre y'ibigori, fibre ya soya n'ibinyampeke by'ingano (Chen et al., 2014). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ibyana by'ingurube byometse byavuwe n'ibinyampeke by'ibigori n'ibinyampeke by'ingano byagaragaje ubushobozi bwo kugaburira no kwiyongera ibiro kurusha ibyavuwe n'ibinyampeke by'ibinyampeke bya soya (Zhao et al., 2018). Igishimishije ni uko nta tandukaniro ryari mu mikurire hagati y'itsinda ry'ibinyampeke by'ingano n'itsinda rya inulin (Hu et al., 2020). Byongeye kandi, ugereranije n'ibyana by'ingurube byo mu itsinda rya cellulose n'itsinda rya xylan, kongeramo byari ingirakamaro cyane β- Glucan ibangamira imikurire y'ibyana by'ingurube (Wu et al., 2018). Oligosaccharides ni karubohidrati nkeya, ziri hagati y'isukari na polysaccharides (voragen, 1998). Zifite imiterere y'ingenzi mu miterere y'umubiri no mu miterere y'umubiri, harimo agaciro ka karori nkeya kandi zigatera imbaraga gukura kwa bagiteri z'ingirakamaro, bityo zishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibinyabutabire bikomoka ku mirire (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto na mancilha, 2007). Kongeramo chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) bishobora kunoza uburyo intungamubiri zigogorwa, kugabanya umubare w'impiswi no kunoza imiterere y'amara, bityo bikanoza imikorere y'ingurube zokejwe (Zhou et al., 2012). Byongeye kandi, indyo yuzuyemo cos ishobora kunoza imikorere y'imyororokere y'ingurube (umubare w'ingurube nzima) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) n'imikorere y'ingurube zikura (wontae et al., 2008). Kongera MOS na fructooligosaccharide nabyo bishobora kunoza imikorere y'ingurube (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013). Izi raporo zigaragaza ko karubohidrati zitandukanye zigira ingaruka zitandukanye ku mikorere y'ingurube (imbonerahamwe ya 2a).

3.2 Imikorere y'amara

Igipimo cyo hejuru cya am/ap gishobora kongera ubuzima bw'amara (tribirinishobora kuyirinda ingurube) binyuze mu guteza imbere imiterere y'amara no kongera imikorere y'amara ijyanye no kugaragaza imiterere y'uturemangingo mu ngurube zikiri mu nda (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011). Igipimo cy'uburebure bwa villi ugereranyije n'uburebure bwa villi n'ubujyakuzimu bw'inyuma bwa ileum na jejunum cyari kinini iyo igaburirwaga indyo yuzuye, kandi igipimo cyose cy'apoptosis y'amara mato cyari gito. Muri icyo gihe, byongereye kandi imikorere y'uturemangingo dufunga muri duodenum na jejunum, mu gihe mu itsinda rya AP nyinshi, ibikorwa bya sucrose na maltase muri jejunum y'ingurube zikiri mu nda byongerewe (Gao et al., 2020b). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwagaragaje ko indyo yuzuye yagabanyije pH na AP ikungahaye ku mirire byongera umubare wose wa bagiteri mu ngurube zikiri mu nda (Gao et al., 2020A). Fibre ni ingenzi igira ingaruka ku mikurire n'imikorere y'amara y'ingurube. Ibimenyetso byakusanyijwe bigaragaza ko fibre yo mu mirire irushaho kunoza imiterere y’amara n’imikorere y’inguge zo mu ingurube zonsa, kandi ikagabanya umubare w’impiswi (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber, 2014 ； Wu et al., 2018). Kubura fibre mu mirire byongera ubushobozi bwo kwandura indwara kandi bikabangamira imikorere y’inguge zo mu mara (Desai et al., 2016), mu gihe kugaburira fibre idashonga cyane bishobora gukumira indwara binyuze mu kongera uburebure bwa villi mu ngurube (hedemann et al., 2006). Ubwoko butandukanye bw’inguge bugira ingaruka zitandukanye ku mikorere y’inguge zo mu mara n’izikomoka kuri ileum. Inguge z’ingano n’izikomoka ku mashaza byongera imikorere y’inguge zo mu mara binyuze mu kugenzura imikorere ya TLR2 gene no kunoza imiterere y’udukoko two mu mara ugereranije n’ibigori na soya (Chen et al., 2015). Kurya fibre y’amashaza igihe kirekire bishobora kugenzura imikorere ya gene cyangwa poroteyine ifitanye isano na metabolism, bityo bikanoza imikorere y’inguge zo mu mara n’ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri (Che et al., 2014). Inulini mu mirire ishobora kwirinda ihungabana ry’amara mu ngurube zo mu gituza binyuze mu kongera ubushobozi bwo kwinjira mu mara (Awad et al., 2013). Ni ngombwa kumenya ko guhuza fibre ishongesha (inulini) na fibre ishongesha (cellulose) ari byo bigira akamaro kurusha ibyonyine, bishobora kunoza uburyo bwo kwinjiza intungamubiri no gukora akazi ko kuziba amara mu ngurube zo mu gituza (Chen et al., 2019). Ingaruka za fibre ku mirire ku mara ziterwa n’ibice byazo. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere bwagaragaje ko xylan yateje imbere imikorere y’imyororokere y’amara, ndetse n’impinduka mu miterere ya bagiteri na metabolites, na glucan yateje imbere imikorere y’imyororokere y’amara n’ubuzima bw’imyororokere y’amara, ariko kongerwamo cellulose ntibyigeze bigaragaza ingaruka nk’izo mu ngurube zo mu gituza cyo hejuru aho gusya no gukoresha. Kongera fructose bishobora kongera ubunini bw’imyororokere y’amara, gukora aside butyric, umubare w’uturemangingo two mu gituza no kwiyongera kw’uturemangingo two mu gituza cy’amara mu ngurube zo mu gituza (Tsukahara et al., 2003). Pectin oligosaccharides ishobora kunoza imikorere y’amara no kugabanya kwangirika kw’amara guterwa na rotavirus mu bana b’ingurube (Mao et al., 2017). Byongeye kandi, byagaragaye ko cos ishobora guteza imbere cyane imikurire y’amara no kongera cyane uburyo gene zifunga mu bana b’ingurube (WAN, Jiang, et al. mu buryo bwuzuye, ibi bigaragaza ko ubwoko butandukanye bwa karubohidrati bushobora kunoza imikorere y’amara y’abana b’ingurube (imbonerahamwe ya 2b).

Incamake n'icyizere cy'uko ibintu bizagenda

Karubohidrati ni isoko nyamukuru y'ingufu z'ingurube, igizwe n'ibinyabutabire bitandukanye, ibinyabutabire, oligosaccharide na polysaccharide. Amagambo ashingiye ku miterere y'umubiri afasha kwibanda ku mikorere y'ubuzima bw'ibinyabutabire no kunoza uburyo ibinyabutabire bishyirwa mu byiciro. Imiterere n'ubwoko butandukanye bwa karubohidrati bigira ingaruka zitandukanye mu kubungabunga imikorere y'imikurire, guteza imbere imikorere y'amara n'uburinganire bw'udukoko, no kugenzura imikorere y'ibinyabutabire na glucose. Uburyo bushoboka bwo kugenzura carbohydrate mu mikurire ya lipid na glucose bushingiye kuri metabolites zabyo (SCFAs), ziterwa na microbiota zo mu mara. By'umwihariko, karubohidrati mu mirire ishobora kugenzura imikorere ya glucose binyuze mu nzira za scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY na ampk-g6pase / PEPCK, no kugenzura imikorere ya lipide binyuze mu nzira za scfas-gpr43 / 41 na amp / atp-ampk. Byongeye kandi, iyo ubwoko butandukanye bwa karubohidrati buri mu ruvange rwiza, imikorere y'imikurire n'imikorere y'ubuzima bw'ingurube ishobora kunozwa.

Ni ngombwa kumenya ko imikorere ishobora ya karubohidrati mu mikorere ya poroteyine na gene ndetse no mu mikorere ya metabolic izavumburwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa proteomics, genomics na metabonomics bukoresha imbaraga nyinshi. Icya nyuma ariko kitari gito, gusuzuma imvange itandukanye ya karubohidrati ni ngombwa kugira ngo hamenyekane indyo zitandukanye za karubohidrati mu musaruro w’ingurube.

Isoko: Ikinyamakuru cy'Ubumenyi bw'Inyamaswa