Betaine ni ibisanzwe biboneka bikwirakwizwa cyane mu bimera no ku nyamaswa.Nk'inyongera y'ibiryo, itangwa muburyo bwa anhydrous cyangwa hydrochloride. Irashobora kongerwaho ibiryo byamatungo kubintu bitandukanye.
Mbere ya byose, izo ntego zishobora kuba zifitanye isano nubushobozi bwa methyl butanga ubushobozi bwa betaine, bugaragara cyane cyane mu mwijima.Ku kwimura amatsinda ya methyl adahungabana, guhuza ibice bitandukanye nka methionine, karnitine na creine bitezwa imbere.Mu buryo, betaine igira ingaruka kuri poroteyine, lipide ningufu za metabolisme, bityo bigahindura neza ibigize umubiri.
Icya kabiri, intego yo kongeramo betaine mubiryo irashobora kuba ifitanye isano numurimo wacyo nkurinda umubiri urinda umubiri.Muri uyu murimo, betaine ifasha ingirabuzimafatizo mu mubiri wose gukomeza kuringaniza amazi n’ibikorwa by’utugingo, cyane cyane mu bihe by’imihangayiko.Urugero ruzwi cyane ni ingaruka nziza ya betaine ku nyamaswa ziterwa n'ubushyuhe.
Mu ngurube, hasobanuwe ingaruka zitandukanye zinyongera ziyongera kuri betaine.Iyi ngingo izibanda ku ruhare rwa betaine nk'inyongera y'ibiryo mu buzima bwo mu mara bw'ingurube zonsa.
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwa betaine bwerekanye ingaruka ku igogorwa ryintungamubiri ziri muri ileum cyangwa igogora ryuzuye ryingurube. Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe inshuro nyinshi bwongera igogorwa rya fibre (fibre fibre cyangwa neutre na aside detergent fibre) byerekana ko betaine itera fermentation ya bagiteri zimaze kugaragara mu mara mato, kuko selile zo munda zidatanga intungamubiri zangiza umubiri. fibre.
Kubwibyo rero, ibintu byumye byumye hamwe nigogorwa ryivu ryivu naryo ryaragaragaye.Ku rwego rwinzira zose zifungura igifu, byavuzwe ko ingurube zongerewe na 800 mg betaine / kg indyo yuzuye ya poroteyine (+ 6.4%) hamwe n’ibintu byumye (+ 4.2%) igogorwa ryayo. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi butandukanye bwerekanye ko hiyongereyeho 1,250 mg / kg betaine, bigaragara ko byose byahinduwe na protein + 7%).
Imwe mu mpamvu zishoboka zituma ubwiyongere bwintungamubiri bugaragara ni ingaruka za betaine ku musemburo wa enzyme.Mu bushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa na vivo ku kongeramo betaine ku ngurube zonsa, ibikorwa bya enzymes digestive (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin na chymotrypsin) muri chyme byasuzumwe (Ishusho ya 1) .Imisemburo yose yatanzwe kuri mgine ya mgine yari ifite agaciro ka mg. 1,250 mg / kg.Ubwiyongere bwibikorwa bushobora kuba ibisubizo byiyongera ryumusaruro wa enzyme, cyangwa birashobora kuba ibisubizo byiyongera mubikorwa bya catalitiki ya enzyme.
Igicapo 1-Igikorwa c'imyunyu ngugu yo mu mara yingurube yongerewe 0 mg / kg, 1,250 mg / kg cyangwa 2,500 mg / kg betaine.
Mu bushakashatsi bwa vitro, byagaragaye ko mugushyiramo NaCl kugirango habeho umuvuduko mwinshi wa osmotic, ibikorwa bya trypsin na amylase byabujijwe.Kongera urwego rutandukanye rwa betaine muri iki kizamini byagaruye ingaruka zo kubuza NaCl no kongera ibikorwa bya enzyme.Nyamara, iyo NaCl itongeye ku gisubizo cya buffer, betaine ntigira ingaruka ku mikorere ya enzyme ku gipimo cyo hasi.
Ntabwo gusa igogorwa ryiyongera rishobora gusobanura ubwiyongere bwatangajwe mubikorwa byiterambere no kugaburira ibiryo byingurube byongewemo na betaine yimirire.Kongera betaine mumirire yingurube nabyo bigabanya ibikenerwa byingufu zinyamanswa. Hypothesis kuri izi ngaruka zagaragaye ni uko iyo betaine ishobora gukoreshwa mugukomeza umuvuduko wa osmotic internaculaire, icyifuzo cya pompe ion zigabanuka kugirango habeho ingufu zingana na beta. gukura aho kubungabunga.
Uturemangingo twa epiteliyale turi ku rukuta rw'amara dukeneye guhangana n’imiterere ihindagurika cyane ya osmotic iterwa nibintu bya luminal mugihe cyo gusya kwintungamubiri.Mu gihe kimwe, utugingo ngengabuzima two mu mara dukeneye kugenzura ihanahana ry’amazi nintungamubiri zitandukanye hagati y amara na plasma.Mu rwego rwo kurinda uturemangingo twinshi twinshi muri beta. hiyongereyeho, byagaragaye ko izo nzego ziterwa no kwibanda ku mirire ya betaine. Ingirabuzimafatizo zuzuye zizagira ubwiyongere bukabije n’ubushobozi bwo gukira neza.Nuko rero, abashakashatsi basanze kongera urugero rwa betaine yingurube byongera uburebure bwa villi duodenal hamwe nubujyakuzimu bwa ileal, kandi villi ikaba imwe.
Mu bundi bushakashatsi, kwiyongera k'uburebure bwa villi muri duodenum, jejunum, na ileum byashoboraga kugaragara, ariko nta ngaruka byagize ku bujyakuzimu bw'induru. Nkuko byagaragaye mu nkoko za broiler zanduye coccidia, ingaruka zo kurinda betaine ku miterere y'amara zishobora kuba ingenzi cyane mu bibazo bimwe na bimwe (osmotic).
Inzitizi yo munda igizwe ahanini na selile epithelale, ihuza hamwe na poroteyine zifitanye isano. Ubusugire bwiyi barrière ni ngombwa kugirango hirindwe kwinjiza ibintu byangiza na bagiteri zitera indwara, ubundi bikaba byatera uburibwe. Ku ngurube, ingaruka mbi z’inzitizi zo mu nda zifatwa nk’ingaruka ziterwa na mycotoxine mu biryo, cyangwa imwe mu ngaruka mbi z’ubushyuhe.
Mu rwego rwo gupima ingaruka ziterwa na bariyeri, mugupima vitro imirongo ya selile ikoreshwa mugupima amashanyarazi ya transepiteliyale (TEER) .Koresheje ikoreshwa rya betaine, TEER yateye imbere irashobora kugaragara mubushakashatsi bwinshi bwa vitro.Iyo bateri ihuye nubushyuhe bwinshi (42 ° C), TEER izagabanuka (ishusho ya 2).
Igishushanyo 2-Muri vitro ingaruka zubushyuhe bwo hejuru na betaine kuri selile transepithelial resistance (TEER).
Byongeye kandi, mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na vivo mu ngurube, kwiyongera kwa poroteyine zifatika (occludin, claudin1, na zonula occludens-1) mu gice cya jejunum cy’inyamanswa zakiriye betaine 1,250 mg / kg zapimwe ugereranije n’itsinda rishinzwe kugenzura. Byongeye kandi, nk'ikimenyetso cyo kwangirika kw'inda kwagaragaye cyane muri beta y'ingurube. gukura-kurangiza ingurube, kwiyongera kwingufu zo munda byapimwe mugihe cyo kubaga.
Vuba aha, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwahujije betaine na sisitemu ya antioxydeant kandi isobanura kugabanuka kwa radicals yubuntu, kugabanya urugero rwa malondialdehyde (MDA), no kunoza ibikorwa bya glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
Betaine ntabwo ikora nka osmoprotectant gusa mu nyamaswa. Byongeye kandi, bagiteri nyinshi zishobora kwegeranya betaine binyuze muri de novo synthesis cyangwa ubwikorezi buturuka ku bidukikije.Hari ibimenyetso byerekana ko betaine ishobora kugira ingaruka nziza ku mubare wa bagiteri ziri mu nzira yo mu gifu y’ingurube zonsa.Umubare wa bagiteri wa ileal, cyane cyane bifidobacteria na lactobacilli, wariyongereye.
Hanyuma, byaragaragaye ko ingaruka za betaine ku buzima bwo mu nda bw’ingurube zonsa ari ukugabanya igipimo cy’impiswi. Izi ngaruka zishobora guterwa n’imiti: inyongera y’imirire ya betaine 2.500 mg / kg betaine mu kugabanya igipimo cy’impiswi. no kwandura impiswi mu ngurube zonsa ziri hasi.
Betaine ifite agaciro ka pKa gafite hafi 1.8, biganisha ku gutandukana kwa betaine HCl nyuma yo kuyifata, biganisha kuri acide gastric.
Ibiryo bishimishije ni aside ishobora kuba hydrochloride ya betaine nkisoko ya betaine.Mu buvuzi bwabantu, inyongera ya betaine HCl ikoreshwa kenshi ifatanije na pepsin kugirango ifashe abantu bafite ibibazo byigifu nibibazo byigifu.Muri iki gihe, hydrochloride ya betaine irashobora gukoreshwa nkisoko yizewe ya acide hydrochloric.Nubwo nta makuru afite kuri uyu mutungo wa betaine hydrochloride.
Birazwi neza ko pH yumutobe wigifu wingurube zonsa zishobora kuba nyinshi (pH> 4), ibyo bizagira ingaruka kumikorere ya pepsin prursor to preursor pepsinogen.Igogorwa rya poroteyine ntago ari ingenzi gusa ku nyamaswa kugira ngo haboneke intungamubiri nziza.Ikindi kandi, poroteyine yo mu nda irashobora gutera ikwirakwizwa ryangiza rya poroteyine. agaciro kangana na 1.8, biganisha ku gutandukana kwa betaine HCl nyuma yo gufatwa, biganisha kuri acide gastric.
Uku kwisubiraho mugihe gito byagaragaye mubushakashatsi bwibanze kubantu no mubushakashatsi bwimbwa.Nyuma yumuti umwe wa mg 750 cyangwa mg 1.500 ya betaine hydrochloride, pH yinda yimbwa yabanje kuvurwa na acide gastricike yagabanutse cyane kuva kuri 7 kugeza kuri pH 2.Nyamara, mubwa imbwa zidakorewe neza, pH yigifu yari hafi ya 2, itari ifitanye isano na betaine HCl.
Betaine igira ingaruka nziza kubuzima bwo munda bwingurube zonsa.Iyi nyandiko isubiramo yerekana amahirwe atandukanye ya betaine yo gushyigikira igogorwa ryintungamubiri no kwinjirira, kunoza inzitizi zo kurinda umubiri, kugira ingaruka kuri microbiota, no kongera ubushobozi bwokwirinda ingurube.