Betaine ni ikintu gisanzwe gikwirakwira mu bimera no mu matungo. Nk'inyongeramusaruro, itangwa mu buryo bwa anidrosi cyangwa hydrochloride. Ishobora kongerwa mu biryo by'amatungo ku mpamvu zitandukanye.
Mbere na mbere, izi ntego zishobora kuba zifitanye isano n'ubushobozi bwiza cyane bwo gutanga methyl bwa betaine, bukunze kuba mu mwijima. Bitewe no kwimura amatsinda ya methyl adahamye, ikorwa ry'ibintu bitandukanye nka methionine, carnitine na creatine riratezwa imbere. Muri ubu buryo, betaine igira ingaruka ku mikorere ya poroteyine, lipide n'ingufu, bityo igahindura imiterere y'umubiri mu buryo bwiza.
Icya kabiri, intego yo kongeramo betaine mu biryo ishobora kuba ifitanye isano n'umurimo wayo nk'ikintu kirinda ibinyabuzima kwinjira mu mubiri. Muri uyu murimo, betaine ifasha uturemangingo twose mu mubiri kubungabunga uburinganire bw'amazi n'imikorere y'uturemangingo, cyane cyane mu bihe by'imihangayiko. Urugero ruzwi cyane ni ingaruka nziza za betaine ku nyamaswa ziri mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe.
Mu ngurube, havuzwe ingaruka nziza zitandukanye zo kongeramo betaine. Iyi nkuru izibanda ku ruhare rwa betaine nk'inyongera mu byo kurya ku buzima bw'amara y'ingurube zokejwe.
Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwa betaine bwagaragaje ingaruka ku buryo intungamubiri ziri muri ileum cyangwa mu nzira yose y’igogora ry’ingurube zigogora. Isuzuma ryagiye rikorwa ku buryo fibre (fiber isanzwe cyangwa fibre idafite aside na aside detergent) ryiyongera ku buryo fibre igogora ryiyongera (fiber isanzwe cyangwa fibre idafite aside na aside detergent) rituma bagiteri zisanzwe mu mara mato zitangira gukora, kuko uturemangingo tw’amara tudakora enzymes zigabanya fibre. Igice cya fibre cy’ikimera kirimo intungamubiri, zishobora kurekurwa mu gihe iyi fibre igabanutse.
Kubwibyo, ibintu byumye n'ivu ritakoreshejwe neza byagaragaye. Ku rwego rw'igogora ryose, byagaragaye ko ibyana by'ingurube byongerewemo 800 mg betaine/kg byazamuye poroteyine ishaje (+6.4%) n'ibintu byumye (+4.2%). Byongeye kandi, ubundi bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko mu kongeramo 1.250 mg/kg betaine, poroteyine ishaje ishaje igaragara (+3.7%) n'ibikomoka kuri ether (+6.7%) byarushijeho kuba byiza.
Impamvu imwe ishoboka ituma intungamubiri ziyongera ni ingaruka za betaine ku ikorwa rya enzyme. Mu bushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa mu mubiri ku kongeramo betaine mu ngurube zonsa, imikorere ya enzymes zo mu igogora (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin na chymotrypsin) muri chyme yarasuzumwe (Ishusho ya 1). Enzymes zose uretse maltase zagaragaje imikorere yiyongereye, kandi ingaruka za betaine zagaragaye cyane ku biryo bya 2.500 mg ya betaine / kg kuruta 1.250 mg / kg. Ukwiyongera kw'imikorere gushobora guterwa no kwiyongera k'ikorwa rya enzyme, cyangwa bishobora guterwa no kwiyongera k'ubushobozi bwa enzyme.
Igishushanyo cya 1-Imikorere ya enzyme yo mu mara y'abana b'ingurube yongewemo 0 mg/kg, 1.250 mg/kg cyangwa 2.500 mg/kg betaine.
Mu igerageza ryakozwe muri vitro, byagaragaye ko kongeramo NaCl kugira ngo itange umuvuduko mwinshi wa osmotic, ibikorwa bya trypsin na amylase byarahagaritswe. Kongeramo urugero rutandukanye rwa betaine muri iki kizamini byasubije ingaruka zo gukumira NaCl no kongera imikorere ya enzyme. Ariko, iyo NaCl itashyizwe mu gisubizo cya buffer, betaine ntigira ingaruka ku bikorwa bya enzyme ku gipimo gito, ahubwo igaragaza ingaruka zo gukumira ku gipimo kinini.
Si ukwiyongera kw'igogora gusa bishobora gusobanura ukwiyongera kwavuzwe mu mikurire n'umuvuduko w'ingurube zihindura ibiryo byazo hamwe n'uburyo bwo guhindura ibiryo byazo. Kongeramo betaine mu mirire y'ingurube bigabanya kandi ingufu zisabwa ku nyamaswa mu kubungabunga. Igitekerezo cy'iyi ngaruka cyagaragaye ni uko iyo betaine ishobora gukoreshwa mu kubungabunga umuvuduko wa osmotic mu ngirabuzima fatizo, icyifuzo cya ion pumps kiragabanuka, ari nacyo gikorwa gisaba ingufu. Mu gihe habayeho ingufu nke zikoreshwa, ingaruka zo kongera betaine zitezweho kugaragara cyane mu kongera ingufu zitangwa mu gukura aho kuzibungabunga.
Uturemangingo tw’imbere mu mara tugomba guhangana n’imiterere y’uturemangingo tw’imbere mu mara ihindagurika cyane iterwa n’ibiri mu mara mu gihe cyo gusya intungamubiri. Muri icyo gihe, utwo turemangingo tw’amara tugomba kugenzura ihererekanya ry’amazi n’intungamubiri zitandukanye hagati y’urumuri rw’amara n’amaraso. Kugira ngo turinde uturemangingo ibi bibazo bikomeye, betaine ni ikintu cy’ingenzi mu buryo bw’ibinyabuzima. Iyo urebye ubwinshi bwa betaine mu turemangingo dutandukanye, ingano ya betaine mu turemangingo tw’amara iba iri hejuru cyane. Byongeye kandi, byagaragaye ko izi ngano zigira ingaruka ku bwinshi bwa betaine mu mirire. Uturemangingo dufite ireme rihagije tuzarushaho kwiyongera no gukira neza. Kubwibyo, abashakashatsi basanze kongera urugero rwa betaine rw’ingurube byongera uburebure bwa duodenal villi n’ubujyakuzimu bwa ileal crypts, kandi villi ziba zimeze kimwe.
Mu bundi bushakashatsi, kwiyongera k'uburebure bwa villi muri duodenum, jejunum, na ileum byagaragaye, ariko nta ngaruka byagize ku burebure bw'amafi. Nkuko byagaragaye ku nkoko z'inkoko zanduye coccidia, ingaruka zo kurinda za betaine ku miterere y'amara zishobora kuba ingenzi cyane mu bibazo bimwe na bimwe (osmotic).
Uruzitiro rw'amara rugizwe ahanini n'uturemangingo tw'inyuma, duhujwe na poroteyine zifatanye. Ubusugire bw'uru ruzitiro ni ingenzi kugira ngo hirindwe ko ibintu byangiza na bagiteri zitera indwara byinjira, byatera ububyimbirwe. Ku ngurube, ingaruka mbi z'uruzitiro rw'amara zifatwa nk'ingaruka z'ubwandu bwa mycotoxin mu biryo, cyangwa imwe mu ngaruka mbi z'ubushyuhe.
Kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka ku ngaruka z'uruvange rw'uturemangingo, ibizamini bya "in vitro" by'imirongo y'uturemangingo bikunze gukoreshwa mu gupima ubukana bw'amashanyarazi bwa transepithelial (TEER). Iyo hakoreshejwe betaine, TEER nziza ishobora kugaragara mu igerageza rinini rya "in vitro". Iyo bateri ihuye n'ubushyuhe bwinshi (42°C), TEER iragabanuka (Ishusho ya 2). Kongeramo betaine mu buryo bwo gukura bw'utu turemangingo twagaragayemo ubushyuhe byarwanyije igabanuka rya TEER, bigaragaza ko ubukana bw'ubushyuhe bwiyongera.
Ishusho ya 2-Ingaruka zo mu mubiri ziterwa n'ubushyuhe bwinshi na betaine ku budahangarwa bw'uturemangingo mu ngirabuzimafatizo (TEER).
Byongeye kandi, mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu ngurube z’incuke, ubwiyongere bw’igaragara rya poroteyine zifatanye mu miyoboro (occludin, claudin1, na zonula occludens-1) mu ngingo za jejunum z’inyamaswa zahawe 1.250 mg/kg betaine bwapimwe ugereranije n’itsinda ryagenzuwe. Byongeye kandi, nk'ikimenyetso cy’ibyangiritse mu mara, imikorere ya diamine oxidase mu maraso y’izi ngurube yagabanutse cyane, bigaragaza ko amara afite imbogamizi ikomeye. Ubwo betaine yongerwaga ku ndyo y’ingurube zikura, kwiyongera k’imbaraga zo gukurura amara kwapimwe mu gihe cyo kubagwa.
Vuba aha, ubushakashatsi butandukanye bwagaragaje ko betaine ifitanye isano n’uburyo bwo kurwanya antioxidant, kandi bugaragaza ko radicals zidafite ingaruka ku mubiri zigabanuka, malondialdehyde (MDA) igabanuka, ndetse n’imikorere ya glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) irushaho kuba myiza.
Betaine ntikora nk'umuyoboro w'amaraso mu nyamaswa gusa. Byongeye kandi, bagiteri nyinshi zishobora kwegeranya betaine binyuze mu gukora de novo cyangwa gutwara ibinyabuzima biva mu bidukikije. Hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko betaine ishobora kugira ingaruka nziza ku mubare wa bagiteri mu nzira y'igifu cy'ingurube z'abana bato. Umubare wose wa bagiteri zo mu bwoko bwa ilia, cyane cyane bifidobacteria na lactobacilli, wariyongereye. Byongeye kandi, ingano nto ya Enterobacter yabonetse mu mwanda.
Amaherezo, byagaragaye ko ingaruka za betaine ku buzima bw'amara y'ingurube zo mu bwoko bwa “bake” ari ukugabanya igipimo cy'impiswi. Iyi ngaruka ishobora guterwa n'ingano: inyongeramusaruro y'ibiribwa 2.500 mg/kg betaine irusha 1.250 mg/kg betaine mu kugabanya igipimo cy'impiswi. Ariko, imikorere y'ingurube zo mu bwoko bwa “bake” ku rugero rw'inyongera ebyiri yari isa. Abandi bashakashatsi bagaragaje ko iyo hongewemo 800 mg/kg ya betaine, igipimo n'ubwiyongere bw'impiswi mu ngurube zo mu bwoko bwa “bake” biba bike.
Betaine ifite agaciro ka pKa gake kagera kuri 1.8, ibyo bigatuma betaine HCl itandukana nyuma yo kuyinywa, bigatera aside mu gifu.
Igishimishije ni uko betaine hydrochloride ishobora gutera aside nk'isoko ya betaine. Mu buvuzi bw'abantu, inyongeramusaruro za betaine HCl zikunze gukoreshwa hamwe na pepsin mu gufasha abantu bafite ibibazo byo mu gifu n'ibibazo byo mu igogora. Muri iki gihe, betaine hydrochloride ishobora gukoreshwa nk'isoko yizewe ya aside hydrochloric. Nubwo nta makuru kuri ubu buryo iyo betaine hydrochloride iboneka mu biryo by'ingurube, ishobora kuba ingenzi cyane.
Birazwi neza ko pH y'umutobe w'igifu w'ingurube zo mu gifu zishobora kuba nyinshi (pH>4), ibyo bizagira ingaruka ku gukora kwa pepsin precursor kuri pepsinogen ibanza. Igogora rya poroteyine ryiza si ngombwa gusa ku matungo kugira ngo iyi ntungamubiri iboneke neza. Byongeye kandi, poroteyine yo mu gifu ishobora gutera kwiyongera kwangiza udukoko twibasira ingurube no kongera ikibazo cyo gucibwamo nyuma yo gucibwamo. Betaine ifite agaciro ka pKa gafite hafi 1.8, bigatuma betaine HCl itandukana nyuma yo kuyirya, bigatera aside mu gifu.
Uku kongera aside mu gihe gito byagaragaye mu bushakashatsi bwa mbere bwakorewe ku bantu no mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe ku mbwa. Nyuma yo guhabwa dose imwe ya 750 mg cyangwa 1.500 mg ya betaine hydrochloride, pH y'igifu cy'imbwa zavuwe mbere hakoreshejwe imiti igabanya aside yo mu gifu yagabanutse cyane iva kuri 7 igera kuri pH 2. Ariko, mu mbwa zavuwe zitavuwe, pH y'igifu yari hafi 2, ibyo bikaba bitari bifitanye isano no kongeramo betaine HCl.
Betaine igira ingaruka nziza ku buzima bw'amara y'ibyana by'ingurube bitwitswe. Iyi nyandiko igaragaza amahirwe atandukanye ya betaine yo gushyigikira igogora no kwinjiza intungamubiri, kunoza inzitizi zo kurinda umubiri, kugira ingaruka ku mikorobe, no kongera ubushobozi bwo kwirinda bw'ibyana by'ingurube.