Mu mpeshyi, ibimera bihura n'ibitutu byinshi nko ubushyuhe bwinshi, urumuri rwinshi, amapfa (stress of water), n'stress of oxidative. Betaine, nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi gigenzura osmotic kandi kikaba n'umusemburo urinda, igira uruhare runini mu kurwanya ibi bimera muri izi stress zo mu mpeshyi. Imirimo yayo y'ingenzi irimo:

1. Amabwiriza agenga ikwirakwira ry'amazi:
Gukomeza umuvuduko wa turgor y'uturemangingo:

Ubushyuhe bwinshi n'amapfa bituma ibimera bitakaza amazi, bigatuma ubushobozi bwa cytoplasmic osmotic burushaho kwiyongera (burushaho kuba bwinshi), ibyo bikaba byatera kubura amazi no gushwanyagurika kw'uturemangingo duturuka mu duce duto tw'uturemangingo cyangwa inkuta z'uturemangingo zifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza amazi bwinshi. Betaine yirundanya cyane muri cytoplasm, bigagabanya neza ubushobozi bwa cytoplasm, bigafasha uturemangingo kugumana umuvuduko mwinshi wa turgor, bityo bikarwanya kubura amazi no kugumana imiterere n'imikorere myiza y'uturemangingo.

Umuvuduko wa osmotic wa vacuolar uringaniye:

Ingano nini ya iyoni zitagira umwimerere (nka K ⁺, Cl ⁻, nibindi) zirundanya muri vacuole kugira ngo zigumane umuvuduko wa osmotike. Betaine iboneka cyane muri cytoplasm, kandi ukwiyongera kwayo bifasha kuringaniza itandukaniro ry'umuvuduko wa osmotike hagati ya cytoplasm na vacuole, bikarinda kwangirika kwa cytoplasm bitewe no kubura amazi menshi.

2. Kurinda biomolecules:
Imiterere ya poroteyine ihamye:

Ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora gutuma poroteyine ihinduka kandi ikanakora. Molekile za Betaine zifite charges nziza na mbi (zwitterionic) kandi zishobora gutuma poroteyine zihinduka neza binyuze mu guhuza hydrogen na hydration, bikarinda kwivanga, kwiteranya, cyangwa guhindagurika mu bushyuhe bwinshi. Ibi ni ingenzi cyane mu kubungabunga imikorere ya enzymes, poroteyine z'ingenzi muri fotosite, n'imikorere y'izindi poroteyine zikora metabolisme.

Sisitemu yo kurinda filime:

Ubwoko bw'umwuka wa ogisijeni ukabije n'ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora kwangiza imiterere y'uturemangingo tw'uturemangingo (nk'uturemangingo twa thylakoid n'uturemangingo twa plasma), bigatuma uturemangingo duhinduka, tugasohoka, ndetse tugasenyuka. Betaine ishobora gutuma uturemangingo tw'uturemangingo duhagarara neza, ikabungabunga uburyo busanzwe bwo kugenda no kwinjira neza mu mubiri, kandi ikarinda imiterere y'ingingo n'uturemangingo tw'ingirabuzimafatizo.

3. Kurinda antioxydants:
Gumana uburinganire bwa osmotic no kugabanya ibyangiritse byatewe n'ihungabana.

Gutuza imiterere n'imikorere ya enzymes zirwanya ogisijeni (nka superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, nibindi), kongera imikorere myiza y'uburyo bwo kurinda ogisijeni bw'ikimera, no gufasha mu buryo butaziguye gukuraho ubwoko bwa ogisijeni bukora neza.
Gukuraho ubwoko bwa ogisijeni bukora mu buryo butaziguye:

Izuba ryinshi n'ubushyuhe bwinshi mu mpeshyi bishobora gutuma habaho ubwoko bwinshi bwa ogisijeni mu bimera, bigatera kwangirika kwa ogisijeni. Nubwo betaine ubwayo atari antioxydant ikomeye, ishobora kugerwaho binyuze muri:

4. Kurinda fotositesi:
Ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko mwinshi w'urumuri bitera kwangirika gukomeye ku buryo bwo gushushanya fotositemu ya II. Betaine ishobora kurinda uturemangingo twa thylakoid, igakomeza kugumana ubusugire bwa fotositemu ya II, ikemeza ko urunigi rw'amashanyarazi rukora neza, kandi ikagabanya uburyo fotositemu ikorwamo.

5. Nk'umutanga methyl:

Betaine ni imwe mu zitanga methyl ikomeye mu binyabuzima, igira uruhare mu mikorere ya methionine. Mu gihe cy'imihangayiko, ishobora kugira uruhare mu guhuza cyangwa kugenzura imikorere y'ibintu bimwe na bimwe birwanya imihangayiko binyuze mu gutanga amatsinda ya methyl.

Muri make, mu gihe cy'izuba ryinshi, umurimo w'ingenzi wa betaine ku bimera ni:

Kubika amazi no kurwanya amapfa:kurwanya umwuma ukabije binyuze mu kugenzura osmotic.
Ubwirinzi bwo kwirinda ubushyuhe:irinda poroteyine, enzymes, n'uturemangingo tw'uturemangingo kwangirika k'ubushyuhe bwinshi.

Ubudahangarwa ku isuku y'umubiri:yongera ubushobozi bwo kurwanya antioxydant kandi ikagabanya kwangirika kwa fotooxidative.
Kubungabunga fotosite:kurinda ingingo zikora photosynthesis no kubungabunga ingufu z'ibanze.

Kubwibyo, iyo ibimera bibonye ibimenyetso by'imihangayiko nk'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'amapfa, bikoresha inzira yo gukora betaine (cyane cyane binyuze mu kuyungurura kwa choline mu ntambwe ebyiri muri chloroplasts), bikusanya betaine kugira ngo byongere ubushobozi bwo guhangana n'imihangayiko no kunoza ubushobozi bwabyo bwo kubaho mu bihe bikomeye by'izuba. Bimwe mu bihingwa byihanganira amapfa n'umunyu (nk'ibimera by'isukari ubwabyo, epinari, ingano, sayiri, nibindi) bifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukora betaine.

Mu buhinzi, gutera betaine hanze binakoreshwa nk'umuti utera imbaraga mu kongera ubushobozi bw'ibihingwa (nk'ibigori, inyanya, chili, n'ibindi) mu guhangana n'ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'impeshyi n'amapfa.