Inkoko ni yo nyama nyinshi zitunganywa kandi zigakoreshwa cyane ku isi. Hafi 70% by'inkoko ku isi zikomoka ku nyama z'inkoko z'umweru. Inkoko ni yo nyama ya kabiri nini mu Bushinwa. Inkoko mu Bushinwa ahanini ikomoka ku nyama z'inkoko z'umweru n'inyama z'umuhondo. Uruhare rw'inkoko z'umweru mu musaruro w'inkoko mu Bushinwa ni hafi 45%, naho iz'inkoko z'umuhondo ni hafi 38%.

Inyama z'inka z'umweru zifite amababa ni zo zifite igipimo gito cy'ibiryo by'inyama, ingano nini cyane y'ubworozi bunini ndetse n'urwego rwo hejuru rwo kwishingikiriza ku nyama. Ubwoko bw'inyama z'inka z'umuhondo zikoreshwa mu musaruro w'Ubushinwa zose ni ubwoko bw'amatungo yikorera, kandi umubare w'ubwoko buhingwa ni wo munini mu moko yose y'amatungo n'inkoko, urugero rwiza rwo guhindura inyungu y'umutungo w'ubwoko bw'amatungo yo mu gace runaka mu nyungu z'umusaruro.

1. Amateka y'iterambere ry'ubwoko bw'inkoko

Inkoko zo mu rugo zorowe n’inkoko yo mu ishyamba yo muri Aziya mu myaka 7000-10000 ishize, kandi amateka yazo yorowe ashobora gukurikirwa no mu myaka irenga 1000 mbere ya Yesu. Inkoko zo mu rugo zisa n’inkoko y’umwimerere mu miterere y’umubiri, ibara ry’ubwoya, indirimbo n’ibindi. Ubushakashatsi bwa Cytogenetic n’imiterere y’inyamaswa bwagaragaje ko inkoko y’umwimerere ari yo yakomotseho inkoko zo mu rugo za none. Hari ubwoko bune bw’ubwoko bwa Gallinula, ari bwo umutuku (Gallus gallus, Ishusho ya 3), umurizo w’icyatsi kibisi (Gallus various), umurizo w’umukara (Gallus lafayetii) na Gray Striped (Gallus sonnerati). Hari ibitekerezo bibiri bitandukanye ku nkomoko y’inkoko zo mu rugo zikomoka ku nkoko y’umwimerere: inyigisho y’umwimerere umwe ivuga ko inkoko y’umwimerere y’Umutuku ishobora kororwa rimwe cyangwa rirenze; ​​Dukurikije inyigisho y’inkomoko nyinshi, uretse inyoni y’umutuku yo mu ishyamba, izindi nyoni zo mu ishyamba nazo ni abakurambere b’inkoko zo mu rugo. Kuri ubu, ubushakashatsi bwinshi bushyigikira inyigisho y’umwimerere umwe, ni ukuvuga ko inkoko zo mu rugo ahanini zikomoka ku nkoko y’umutuku yo mu ishyamba.

 

（1） Uburyo bwo kororoka kw'inkoko zo mu mahanga

Mbere ya 1930, hakorwaga gutoranya amatsinda no guhinga nta moko. Ibimenyetso by'ingenzi byatoranijwe byari umusaruro w'amagi, inkoko yari iy'umusaruro, kandi korora inkoko byari icyitegererezo cy'ubukungu mu gikari gito. Hamwe n'ivumburwa ry'agasanduku k'amagi gafunga ubwako mu myaka ya 1930, umusaruro w'amagi watoranijwe hakurikijwe amateka y'umusaruro w'amagi ku giti cyayo; Mu myaka ya 1930-50, hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga rya hybride y'ibigori nk'icyitegererezo, heterosis yashyizwe mu bworozi bw'inkoko, bwasimbuye ubworozi bw'imirongo y'umwimerere, maze buba ikintu nyamukuru mu bworozi bw'inkoko. Uburyo bwo guhuza bwo guhuza bwagiye butera imbere buhoro buhoro kuva ku guhuza ubwoko bwa mbere bw'amagi kugeza ku guhuza ubwoko bwa ternary na Quaternary. Ubushobozi bwo guhitamo ubwoko buke kandi buke bw'amasekuru bwarushijeho kuba bwiza nyuma yo gutangira kwandika ubwoko bw'amasekuru mu myaka ya 1940, kandi kugabanuka k'ubworozi bw'inkoko byaterwaga n'abavandimwe ba hafi byashoboraga kwirindwa. Nyuma ya 1945, ibizamini by'icyitegererezo byakozwe n'ibigo bimwe na bimwe cyangwa ibigo by'ibizamini mu Burayi na Amerika. Intego kwari ugusuzuma ubwoko bw’inkoko zitabiriye isuzuma mu buryo buboneye mu miterere imwe y’ibidukikije, kandi byagize uruhare runini mu kunoza isoko ry’ubwoko bwiza bw’inkoko bufite umusaruro mwiza cyane. Igikorwa nk’icyo cyo gupima umusaruro cyarahagaritswe mu myaka ya 1970. Mu myaka ya 1960-1980, guhitamo ibintu byoroshye gupima, nko gutanga amagi, gusohora amagi, umuvuduko wo gukura no guhindura ibiryo by’inkoko, byakozwe ahanini ku nkoko n’ibyokurya byo mu rugo. Kugena igipimo cyo guhindura ibiryo by’inkoko mu kazu kamwe kuva mu myaka ya 1980 byagize uruhare rutaziguye mu kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’ibiryo by’inkoko no kunoza umuvuduko wo gukoresha ibiryo by’inkoko. Kuva mu myaka ya 1990, imiterere yo gutunganya ibiryo yagiye yitabwaho, nko gupima uburemere bw’inkoko n’uburemere bw’inkoko zidafite amagufwa. Gukoresha uburyo bwo gusuzuma imiterere y’uturemangingo nka "Best Linear Unbiased Prediction" (BLUP) n’iterambere ry’ikoranabuhanga rya mudasobwa bigira uruhare runini mu iterambere ry’ubworozi. Nyuma yo kwinjira mu kinyejana cya 21, ubworozi bw’inkoko bwatangiye gutekereza ku bwiza bw’ibicuruzwa n’imibereho myiza y’amatungo. Muri iki gihe, ikoranabuhanga ryo kororoka kw'inkoko z'inka rigaragazwa n'uburyo bwo guhitamo ubwoko bwa genome (GS) ririmo guhinduka kuva ku bushakashatsi no guteza imbere kugeza ku ikoreshwa.

（2） Uburyo bwo kororoka bwa Broiler mu Bushinwa

Hagati mu kinyejana cya 19, inkoko zo mu Bushinwa zari iza mbere ku isi mu gutera amagi no gukora inyama. Urugero, kuba inkoko zo mu misozi miremire n’inkoko icyenda z’umuhondo za Jin zarashyizwe muri Jiangsu na Shanghai mu Bushinwa, hanyuma ziva mu Bwongereza zijya muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, nyuma yo kororoka, byamenyekanye nk’ubwoko busanzwe mu bihugu byombi. Inkoko ya Langshan ifatwa nk’ubwoko bubiri bw’inkoko, naho inkoko icyenda z’umuhondo za Jin zifatwa nk’ubwoko bw’inyama. Ubwo bwoko bufite ingaruka zikomeye ku ishingwa ry’ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bw’amatungo n’inkoko buzwi ku isi, nka British Oppington na Australian Black Australia byazanye isano y’amaraso y’inkoko zo mu misozi miremire zo mu Bushinwa. Rockcock, Luodao red n’ubundi bwoko nabwo bufata inkoko icyenda z’umuhondo za Jin nk’ibikoresho byo kororoka. Kuva mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 19 kugeza mu myaka ya 1930, amagi n’inkoko ni ibicuruzwa by’ingenzi byoherezwa mu mahanga mu Bushinwa. Ariko nyuma y’igihe kirekire, inganda z’ubworozi bw’inkoko mu Bushinwa ziguma ku rwego rwo hejuru rwo kororoka, kandi urwego rw’umusaruro w’inkoko ruri kure cyane ku rwego rwo hejuru ku isi. Mu myaka ya za 1960 rwagati, ubwoko butatu bw'inkoko ya Huiyang, inkoko ya Qingyuan hemp n'inkoko ya Shiqi byatoranijwe nk'ibintu by'ingenzi byatejwe imbere muri Hong Kong. Iyi hybrid yakozwe hakoreshejwe Han Xia nshya, bailoc, baikonish na habad mu korora inkoko ya Shiqi hybrid, yagize uruhare runini mu musaruro no kurya inyama zo mu bwoko bwa Hong Kong. Kuva mu myaka ya za 1970 kugeza mu myaka ya za 1980, inkoko ya Shiqi hybrid yazanywe muri Guangdong na Guangxi, maze yororerwa hamwe n'inkoko z'umweru zikomoka ku bimera, ikora inkoko yahinduwe ya Shiqi hybrid kandi ikwirakwira cyane mu musaruro. Kuva mu myaka ya za 1960 kugeza mu myaka ya za 1980, twakoresheje ubworozi bwa hybrid no guhitamo imiryango kugira ngo tworore inkoko nshya zo mu misozi miremire, inkoko ya Xinpu East n'inkoko ya xinyangzhou. Kuva mu 1983 kugeza mu 2015, inkoko zo mu bwoko bwa yellow feather zakoresheje uburyo bwo kororoka mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo, kandi zikoresha neza itandukaniro riri hagati y’ikirere, ibiryo, abakozi n’ikoranabuhanga ryo kororoka hagati y’amajyaruguru n’amajyepfo, kandi zororera inkoko z’ababyeyi mu turere two mu majyaruguru ya Henan, Shanxi na Shaanxi. Amagi yo mu bucuruzi yajyanwaga mu majyepfo kugira ngo yorore kandi yorore, ibyo bikaba byarazamuye umusaruro w’inkoko zo mu bwoko bwa yellow feather. Ubworozi bw’inkoko zo mu bwoko bwa yellow feather bwatangiye mu mpera za 1980. Gushyiraho gene nziza zo mu bwoko bwa recessive benefits nka gene small grain saving genes (DW gene) na gene white feather gene byagize uruhare runini mu kororoka kw’inkoko zo mu bwoko bwa yellow feather mu Bushinwa. Hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy’ubwoko bwa Yellow Feather Broiler mu Bushinwa bwakoresheje ubu buryo. Mu 1986, ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere inkoko cya Guangzhou Baiyun cyatangije inkoko zo mu bwoko bwa recessive white na Shiqi hybrid kugira ngo zorore inkoko zo mu bwoko bwa yellow feather 882. Mu 1999, Shenzhen kangdal (Group) Co., Ltd. yoroye ubwoko bwa mbere bw’inkoko zo mu bwoko bw’umuhondo 128 (Ishusho ya 4) byemejwe na leta. Nyuma y’ibyo, ubuhinzi bushya bw’inkoko zo mu bwoko bw’umuhondo mu Bushinwa bwinjiye mu gihe cy’iterambere ryihuse. Kugira ngo habeho guhuza isuzuma n’iyemeza ry’ubwoko bw’inkoko, Ikigo gishinzwe kugenzura no kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’inkoko (Yangzhou) cya Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi n’icyaro (Beijing) cyashinzwe mu 1998 na 2003, kandi cyari gifite inshingano zo gupima umusaruro w’inkoko ku rwego rw’igihugu.

 

2、 Guteza imbere ubworozi bw'inkoko zigezweho mu gihugu no mu mahanga

(1) Iterambere ry'amahanga

Kuva mu mpera za 1950, iterambere ry’ubworozi bw’inkoko ryashyizeho urufatiro rw’inkoko zigezweho, ryateje imbere umwihariko wo gukora amagi n’inkoko, kandi umusaruro w’inkoko z’inkoko wabaye inganda zigenga z’inkoko. Mu myaka 80 ishize, Amerika y’Amajyaruguru n’ibihugu by’Uburayi bw’Iburengerazuba byakoze ubworozi bw’inkoko bukurikije uburyo bwo kuzikura, gutanga ibiryo n’imiterere y’inkoko, birema ubwoko bw’inkoko z’inkoko z’umweru kandi byinjira vuba ku isoko ry’isi. Ubwoko bw’inkoko z’inkoko z’umweru z’ubusanzwe ni inkoko y’inkoko y’umweru ya Cornish, naho ubwoko bw’ingore ni inkoko y’inkoko ya Plymouth Rock y’umweru. Ubwo bwoko buterwa no guhuza mu buryo bukurikije uburyo bwo kuzibana. Muri iki gihe, harimo n’Ubushinwa, ubwoko bw’ingenzi bukoreshwa mu gukora inkoko z’inkoko z’umweru ku isi ni AA +, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard n’ubundi bwoko buke, bukomoka kuri aviagen na Cobb vantress. Inkoko z’inkoko z’umweru zifite uburyo bwo kororoka bukuze kandi butunganye, bukora imiterere ya piramide igizwe n’itsinda ry’inkoko zo kororoka, ba sogokuru na ba nyogokuru, ababyeyi n’inkoko zo mu bucuruzi. Bifata imyaka 4-5 kugira ngo iterambere ry’uturemangingo tw’itsinda ry’inkoko rigere ku nkoko zo mu bucuruzi (Ishusho ya 5). Inkoko imwe y’itsinda ry’inkoko ishobora gutanga inkoko zisaga miliyoni 3 zo mu bucuruzi n’inkoko zisaga toni 5000. Kuri ubu, isi yose itanga inkoko zigera kuri miliyoni 11.6 z’inkoko z’umweru, inkoko zigera kuri miliyoni 600 z’inkoko z’inkoko n’inkoko zigera kuri miliyari 80 zo mu bucuruzi buri mwaka.

 

3, Ibibazo n'icyuho

（1） Ubworozi bw'inkoko z'umweru

Ugereranyije n’urwego mpuzamahanga rwo korora inkoko z’ingore z’umweru, igihe cyo korora inkoko z’ingore z’umweru mu Bushinwa ni gito, ishingiro ryo kwegeranya ibikoresho by’uturemangingo mu musaruro mwinshi ni gito, ikoreshwa ry’ikoranabuhanga rishya nko korora inkoko ntirihagije, kandi hari icyuho kinini mu bushakashatsi no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya indwara no gupima indwara. Ibisobanuro birambuye ni ibi bikurikira: 1. Amasosiyete mpuzamahanga afite ubwoko bwinshi bwiza bukura vuba kandi butanga inyama nyinshi, kandi binyuze mu guhuza no gutunganya amasosiyete yo korora nk’inkoko z’ingore n’izikomoka ku nyamaswa, ibikoresho na za jeni birushaho kwiyongera, bitanga garanti yo korora ubwoko bushya; Ubushobozi bwo korora inkoko z’ingore z’ingore z’umweru mu Bushinwa bufite ishingiro rito kandi bufite ibikoresho bike byiza byo korora.

2. Ikoranabuhanga ryo korora. Ugereranyije n'ibigo mpuzamahanga bifite uburambe bw'imyaka irenga 100 mu korora, korora inkoko z'inka z'umweru mu Bushinwa byatangiye bitinze, kandi hari icyuho kinini hagati y'ubushakashatsi n'ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo korora riri hagati y'iterambere n'ibyara n'urwego mpuzamahanga ruteye imbere. Ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga rishya nko korora genome ntabwo riri hejuru; Kutagira ikoranabuhanga ryo gupima neza, gukusanya amakuru mu buryo bwikora no kuyakwirakwiza ni bike.

3. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gusukura indwara z’inkoko. Amasosiyete manini mpuzamahanga yo korora inkoko yafashe ingamba zinoze zo gusukura indwara zandurira mu kirere ziterwa na leukemia y’inyoni, pullorum n’izindi, binongera cyane ipiganwa ry’ibicuruzwa. Gusukura leukemia y’inyoni na pullorum ni inama ngufi ibangamira iterambere ry’inganda z’ubworozi bw’inkoko mu Bushinwa, kandi ibikoresho byo kuzisuzuma bishingiye cyane ku bicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga.

（2） Ubworozi bw'inkoko zo mu bwoko bwa "yellow feather"

Ubworozi n'umusaruro w'inkoko z'umuhondo mu Bushinwa biri ku rwego rwa mbere ku isi. Ariko, umubare w'ibigo byororera ni munini, urwego ntirungana, imbaraga za tekiniki muri rusange ni nke, ikoreshwa ry'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo korora ntirihagije, kandi ibikoresho byo kororeramo n'ubworozi biri inyuma cyane; Hari urwego runaka rwo kororera inshuro nyinshi, kandi hari ubwoko buke bw'ingenzi bufite imiterere igaragara, imikorere myiza n'isoko rinini; Mu gihe kirekire, intego yo kororera ni ukumenyera isano iri hagati y'igurishwa ry'inkoko nzima, nk'ibara ry'ubwoya, imiterere y'umubiri n'isura, bitashobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'isoko byo kubaga hamwe no gukonjesha ibikomoka ku nyamaswa muri iki gihe gishya.

Hari ubwoko bwinshi bw'inkoko zo mu Bushinwa, zagize imiterere myiza cyane mu gihe kirekire kandi kigoye mu bidukikije no mu mibereho myiza y'abaturage. Ariko, hashize igihe kirekire, habayeho kubura ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku miterere y'umutungo wa germplasm, iperereza n'isuzuma ry'umutungo w'ubwoko butandukanye ntibihagije, kandi isesengura n'isuzuma ni ukubura amakuru ahagije. Byongeye kandi, kubaka uburyo bwo gukurikirana imiterere y'umutungo w'ubwoko butandukanye ntabwo bihagije, kandi isuzuma ry'imiterere y'umutungo w'ubwoko butandukanye rishobora guhinduka cyane, umusaruro mwinshi n'ubwiza bw'umutungo w'ubwoko ntabwo ari ryuzuye kandi rikorwa ku buryo bunoze, ibyo bigatuma habaho ibura rikomeye ry'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro no gukoresha imiterere myiza y'ubwoko bw'ubwoko, bibangamira inzira yo kurinda, guteza imbere no gukoresha imiterere y'umubiri w'ubwoko bw'ubwoko, kandi bigira ingaruka ku rwego rw'umusaruro w'inkoko mu Bushinwa. Isoko ry'ibikomoka ku nkoko rihangana n'iterambere rirambye ry'inganda z'inkoko.